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Surgery can lead to chronic pain, likely due to persistent nerve damage, inflammation, and alteration in the processing of pain signals in the spinal cord and brain.

New research highlights the benefits of combining biological and psychosocial measures when identifying biomarkers for pain. This supports the biopsychosocial model and urges a holistic approach to pain management. However, practical challenges like the cost and time involved in comprehensive testing remain, necessitating further investigation to evaluate the integrated approach's feasibility and effectiveness in improving patient outcomes.

Steroids are commonly administered via injection to help manage chronic pain. But how do they work, and why do they often seem ineffective?

Gabapentin may not increase the risk of death when used with opioids, but its safety profile warrants cautious use.

In a groundbreaking development, the FDA has approved Vertex's suzetrigine for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain. This...

Muscle relaxants can help manage chronic pain, but not reliably and not in all types of chronic pain.

Gabapentin and pregabalin are likely overprescribed for pain. They offer pain relief in some patients ,but often cause adverse effects.

Injections for low back pain may work even if patients know that they are receiving a placebo. What does it mean for pain management?

Pain radiating from the back into the leg is often referred to as “sciatica”, but this term is misleading and should be abandoned.

Pain neuroscience education aims to improve the patient's understanding of pain, and can lead to reduced pain and better function.

Achievement of pain research during the last 50 years: many advances in knowledge, still modest benefits for patients.

Somatosensory tests may be useful in personalized pain medicine. Their usefulness should be addressed by randomized controlled trials,

Disc degeneration is considered a cause of low back pain, but is common among individuals without pain. Does it mean that it is unimportant?

Clinical criteria can help with the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain, but some of them are not better than just guessing.

The causes of acute low back pain are largely unknown, and treatments are of uncertain efficacy. However, healing is most likely to happen.

Frequent patient's questions: "Can you do a nerve block or kill a nerve to treat my chronic pain? Can this be a permanent solution"?

Antidepressants can relieve pain independent of the presence of depression, likely due to their effect on the pain inhibitory system.

Biomarkers are highly needed in pain medicine. However, measures have to fulfill criteria and validation to be biomarkers.

The placebo effect relies on patient’s expectation that a treatment will help. It is a welcome way to enhance pain relief.

The classification of pain into acute (<3 months duration) and chronic (>3 months) lacks scientific support and clinical usefulness.